It also differs fromtotalitarianism, however, since authoritarian governments usually have no highly developed guiding ideology, tolerate some pluralism in social organization, lack the power to mobilize the entire population in pursuit of national goals, and exercise power within relatively predictable limits. There is no one consensus definition of authoritarianism, but several annual measurements are attempted, including Freedom House's annual Freedom in the World report. [5], Authoritarian regimes are nations where political pluralism is nonexistent or severely limited. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking, the index categorizes each country into one of four regime types: full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian regimes. The continent has suffered a wave of growing authoritarianism as crises of various kinds have affected Afghanistan, Hong Kong and Myanmar. Lacking the binding appeal of ideology, authoritarians support their rule by a mixture of instilling fear and granting rewards to loyal collaborators, engendering a kleptocracy. Democratic regimes are marked by institutions that are essential to economic development and individual freedom, including representative legislatures and competitive political parties. Hagtvet, Bernt; Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Myklebust, Jan Petter, eds. Often considered a beacon of democracy in the post-Soviet space, Georgia faces a major turn toward authoritarianism. [36] Authoritarian legislatures, for example, are forums through which leaders may enhance their bases of support, share power, and monitor elites. Related to and It was, he said, unlike any constitution drafted by a nation-state. [4], Full democracies are nations where civil liberties and fundamental political freedoms are not only respected but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles. It is only concerned with political power and as long as that is not contested it gives society a certain degree of liberty. Authoritarians increasingly seek to create an appearance of good performance, conceal state repression, and imitate democracy. Updates? [145] By 2020, all countries marked as "not free" by Freedom House had also developed practices of transnational authoritarianism, aiming to police and control dissent beyond state borders. Other South American leaders condemn Russias invasion of Ukraine. [112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120], Linz distinguished new forms of authoritarianism from personalistic dictatorships and totalitarian states, taking Francoist Spain as an example. Beckert, Jen. Interference with opposition campaigning. Countries are given a score out of 10 based on five criteria. [46][47], According to a 2019 study by Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman, authoritarian regimes have over time become less reliant on violence and mass repression to maintain control. [141][142], Since 2005, observers noted what some have called a "democratic recession",[139][143] although some such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way have disputed that there was a significant democratic decline before 2013. Daniel Lederman, Norman Loayza, & Rodrigo Res Soares. "[123] Carl Joachim Friedrich writes that "a totalist ideology, a party reinforced by a secret police, and monopoly control of industrial mass society" are the three features of totalitarian regimes that distinguish them from other autocracies. [132], Culturally there was also a strong sense of anti-authoritarianism based on anti-fascism in Western Europe. The tyrant is less a person than an indispensable function to guide and reshape the universe. Authoritarian politics have thrived in the country since the 12-year civil war ended in 2005 because of repression and prosecution of political opposition efforts. [85], According to Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, authoritarian regimes that are created in social revolutions are far more durable than other kinds of authoritarian regimes. Moldova was downgraded from a flawed democracy to a hybrid regime as a result of problematic elections. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. [2] Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. "[74] Examples include Argentina under Juan Pern,[74] Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser[74] and Venezuela under Hugo Chvez and Nicols Maduro.[82][83]. There are a few modifying dependencies, which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures. [35], Authoritarian regimes typically incorporate similar political institutions to that of democratic regimes, although they may serve different purposes. [164] These far-right groups share conspiracist views of power which are overwhelmingly anti-Semitic and reject pluralist democracy in favour of an organic oligarchy that would unite the perceived homogeneously racial Vlkish nation. North Korea North Korea has one of the most restrictive regimes in the world when it comes to freedom of the press. They include the downside of globalization, and the subsequent rise of populist neo-nationalism,[157] and the success of the Beijing Consensus, i.e. States that have WebAuthoritarian capitalism, [1] or illiberal capitalism, [2] is an economic system in which a capitalist market economy exists alongside an authoritarian government. [13] Almost 70% of countries covered by the Democracy Index recorded a decline in their overall score, as most of them imposed lockdowns and other restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to some arresting journalists and citizens accused of spreading COVID-19 misinformation. [88][89][90] Authoritarian regimes may also be partly responsive to citizen grievances, although this is generally only regarding grievances that do not undermine the stability of the regime. The global average score fell to its lowest level since the index began in 2006. Leaders of authoritarian countries are increasingly able to pressure and silence critics in the free world. Authoritarianism thus stands in fundamental contrast todemocracy. Authoritarian rulers are subject to the jurisdiction of the ICC even if their countries are not parties to the Statute if the UN Security Council refers them to the ICC Prosecutor. ", is not considered, but automatically scored zero. "[25] Unlike democratic constitutions, authoritarian constitutions do not set direct limits on executive authority; however, in some cases such documents may function as ways for elites to protect their own property rights or constrain autocrats' behavior. World War II saw the defeat of the Axis powers by the Allied powers. In many countries, especially those in Western Europe and South America, there was a strong link between being politically conservative and endorsing an authoritarian style of government. A typology of authoritarian regimes by political scientists Brian Lai and Dan Slater includes four categories: Lai and Slater argue that singleparty regimes are better than military regimes at developing institutions (e.g. [32], Eva Bellin argues that under certain circumstances the bourgeoise and labor are more likely to favor democratization, but less so under other circumstances. ", "The Republican Party Needs to Embrace Liberalism", "After Every Winter Comes Spring: Tunisia's Democratic Flowering Berkeley Political Review", "Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter", "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad", "Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter', "We are witnessing the rise of global authoritarianism on a chilling scale", "China's Success Explains Authoritarianism's Allure", "Can it Happen Here? It does not attempt to change the world and human nature. Hopes", "Montenegro's Djukanovic Declares Victory In Presidential Election", "Djukanovic si riprende il Montenegro con la benedizione di Bruxelles", "ukanovi posljednji autokrat Balkana", "Montenegro veteran PM Djukanovic to run for presidency", "Timeline: How the crackdown on Myanmar's Rohingya unfolded", "Two years after Nicaragua's mass uprising started, why is Daniel Ortega still in power? As Mexicos Senate celebrated the passage of a bill designed to curb the power of the independent National Electoral Institute, the country took another step It draws important conclusions about the rise, development, and breakdown of both democracy and dictatorship in each country, providing a comparative perspective on the post [61] A 2018 study in the Journal of Peace Research found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders. Investment analyst Peter Tasker has criticised the Democracy Index for lacking transparency and accountability beyond the numbers. These nations are often absolute monarchies or dictatorships, may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meagre significance, infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace, elections (if they take place) are not fair or free (including sham elections), the media is often state-owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime, the judiciary is not independent, and censorship and suppression of governmental criticism are commonplace.[5]. [104][106], Competitive authoritarian regimes differ from fully authoritarian regimes in that elections are regularly held, the opposition can openly operate without a high risk of exile or imprisonment and "democratic procedures are sufficiently meaningful for opposition groups to take them seriously as arenas through which to contest for power. The following table shows the five parameters that made up the score of each nation in 2022 and the changes that had occurred since 2021. This form of government requires that its citizens (or subjects) be completely obedient to the state. Today there are only two countries in the world where totalitarianism is used to rule people. These nations are the Republic of North Korea and Eritrea. Here is a list of the pros and cons of totalitarianism. Totalitarian self-conceptions are largely teleological. The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of states which were historically authoritarian. However, there were also many countries where being politically liberal was linked to endorsing an authoritarian government. [59] According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region. "[102] A 2018 study by Amichai Magen demonstrated that liberal democracies and polyarchies not only suffer fewer terrorist attacks as compared to other regime types, but also suffer fewer casualties in terrorist attacks as compared to other regime types, which may be attributed to higher-quality democracies' responsiveness to their citizens' demands, including "the desire for physical safety", resulting in "investment in intelligence, infrastructure protection, first responders, social resilience, and specialized medical care" which averts casualties. As described in the report,[1] the Democracy Index produces a weighted average based on the answers to 60 questions, each one with either two or three permitted answers. [44], Authoritarians may resort to measures referred to as coup-proofing (structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power). The government of Francisco Franco in Spain (1939-1959). [40] In most instances, the elected leader is appointed to act on behalf of the general will. [28], Scholars such as Seymour Lipset,[29] Carles Boix, Susan Stokes,[30] Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens and John Stephens[31] argue that economic development increases the likelihood of democratization. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime. In North Africa, four countries are considered authoritarian regimes: Sudan, Egypt, Libya, and Algeria. Eritrea is considered a totalitarian dictatorship. [74] Linz identified the two most basic subtypes as traditional authoritarian regimes and bureaucratic-military authoritarian regimes: According to Barbara Geddes, there are seven typologies of authoritarian regimes: dominant party regimes, military regime, personalist regimes, monarchies, oligarchic regimes, indirect military regimes, or hybrids of the first three. This led not so much to revolt against authority in general, but to the belief that authoritarian states (and state control of economies) were outdated. At least in Western Europe the initial post-war era embraced pluralism and freedom of expression in areas that had been under control of authoritarian regimes. [128], Scholars have identified that autocracies may have an advantage when it comes to rapid industrialization. (3) Consequently, the utilisation of power for personal aggrandizement is more evident among authoritarians than totalitarians. The report stated that this was caused by myriad factors dating back to at least the late 1960s which have eroded Americans' trust in governmental institutions.[8][9]. [107], Authoritarianism is considered a core concept of fascism[108][109][110][111] and scholars agree that a fascist regime is foremost an authoritarian form of government, although not all authoritarian regimes are fascist. Since the end of the Cold War, about two-thirds of elections in authoritarian systems allow for some opposition, but the elections are structured in a way to heavily favor the incumbent authoritarian regime. Using a dataset of authoritarian regimes in 108 countries from 1946 to 2002 and accounting for simultaneity, the analysis models transitions to democracy and to a subsequent authoritarian regime. By contrast, populist authoritarian regimes "are mobilizational regimes in which a strong, charismatic, manipulative leader rules through a coalition involving key lower-class groups. Second, democratization does not occur in a linear process. (The Reagan Administration did its part in nudging these allied countries toward democracy without sacrificing the relationship.) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00 Functioning of government: 0.43 Political participation: 3.89 [59] Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting. Almost one-third of countries around the world are authoritarian regimes with the trappings of democracy. [43], Hindrances to free and fair elections in authoritarian systems may include:[43], The foundations of stable authoritarian rule are that the authoritarian prevents contestation from the masses and other elites. A prominent examples of this includes the Southern United States after Reconstruction, as well as areas of contemporary Argentina and Mexico. Turkmenistan is effectively a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship. These nations can have significant faults in other democratic aspects, including underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance. Morton H. Halperin, Joseph T. Siegle, & Michael M. Weinstein, "The way of the hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power structures since they are adverse to the hippie goals of peace, love and freedom Hippies don't impose their beliefs on others. As economic links among states expand, authoritarian countries experience an increase in pressure from trans-national companies for political liberalization. (1984). In addition, they classified 59 countries as semi-authoritarian or partially free, such as the Philippines, with one additional state joining this group since 2005. The human rights organization Freedom House documented the smallest decline in the number of countries becoming more authoritarian in 17 years in its 2023 report, a sign to be optimistic that a turning point has arrived in global liberty, report co-author Yana Gorokhovskaia told Breitbart News. [133] Anti-authoritarianism also became associated with countercultural and bohemian movements such as the Beat Generation in the 1950s,[134] the hippies in the 1960s[135] and punks in the 1970s. Democratic elections are generally inclusive, competitive, and fair. propaganda: Authoritarian control of propaganda, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/authoritarianism, authoritarianism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Instead, hippies seek to change the world through reason and by living what they believe.". External analysts assessed 210 countries and territories by combining field research, consultation with local contacts, and information from news articles, NGOs, governments, and other sources. [123], Greg Yudin, a professor of political philosophy at the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences, argues "political passivity and civic disengagement" are "key features" of authoritarianism, while totalitarianism relies on "mass mobilization, terror and homogeneity of beliefs". 2 countries, Canada and Australia. Totalitarian Examples: Regimes, Leaders and Countries. Some governments and movements that Westerners have accused of being totalitarian in nature include Nazi Germany, the Soviets during communism and the Stalinist movement. Get details of these totalitarian regimes as well as others. The following table indicates the number of nations and the percentage of World population for each type of regime. Several subtypes of authoritarian regimes have been identified by Linz and others. In fact, the service We remember Steven Seagal, the once-famed action movie Like any deployed troops, Russian soldiers make calls Sign up for our newsletter and receive the mighty updates! In this comparison, a higher emphasis is placed on the public opinion and attitudes, as measured by surveys, but on the other hand, economic living-standards are not weighted as one criterion of democracy (as seemingly some other investigators have done). In the decade following the Arab Spring, of the countries in which an autocracy was toppled in the Arab spring, only Tunisia had become a genuine democracy; Egypt backslid to return to a military-run authoritarian state, while Libya, Syria and Yemen experienced devastating civil wars. [23] Authoritarian constitutions may help legitimize, strengthen, and consolidate regimes. [138] By 2018, only one Arab Spring uprising (that in Tunisia) resulted in a transition to constitutional democratic governance[150] and a "resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism" in the region[151] was dubbed the Arab Winter. The freedom to create opposition political parties or other alternative political groupings with which to compete for power with the ruling group is either limited or nonexistent in authoritarian regimes. [102], Within national democratic governments, there may be subnational authoritarian enclaves. Eritrea gained de facto independence in 1991 but gained de jure independence in 1993. They see the Games as a way to pursue great-power rivalry by other means. [19], Authoritarian regimes often adopt "the institutional trappings" of democracies such as constitutions. the freedom of speech, press and association) and an even playing field (in terms of access to resources, the media and legal recourse). [86], Authoritarianism and democracy are not necessarily fundamental opposites and may be thought of as poles at opposite ends of a scale, so that it is possible for some democracies to possess authoritarian elements, and for an authoritarian system to have democratic elements. [102] Magen also stated that terrorism in closed autocracies sharply increased starting in 2013. In China, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), further entrenched his power by writing his contribution to the CCP's ideology, dubbed Xi Jinping Thought, into the party's constitution. [65] Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control. They have oscillated between protecting and undermining human rights online, with many ranked Partly Free by Freedom on the Net. ", "Peter Tasker: The flawed 'science' behind democracy rankings", Internet censorship and surveillance by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy_Index&oldid=1142649134, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [15] Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. The largest one-year score improvements for 2021 included Cte [11] Algeria was upgraded again from an authoritarian regime to a hybrid regime. Based on electoral process and pluralism, functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties, most authoritarian regimes in the world are:. "[149], Michael Ignatieff wrote that Fukuyama's idea of liberalism vanquishing authoritarianism "now looks like a quaint artifact of a vanished unipolar moment"[139] and Fukuyama himself expressed concern. In such countries as Cuba, Nicaragua, Venezuela and, most recently, El Salvador, authoritarian tendencies are deeply entrenched or advancing. These authoritarian states, as a result of globalization have fewer incentives to cling to power or proceed with their radical policies. fair? Much of the MENA region, including Egypt, are UN member states and thus can be subject to the ICCs jurisdiction. With the exceptions mentioned below, within each category, the scores are added, multiplied by ten, and divided by the total number of questions within the category. Building on the work of Yale political scientist Juan Linz, Paul C. Sondrol of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs has examined the characteristics of authoritarian and totalitarian dictators and organized them in a chart:[68]. Killed in action by insurgents after 30 years of uninterrupted presidency. 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[ 35 ], Scholars have identified that autocracies may have an advantage when it comes to of. Cons of totalitarianism not considered, but automatically scored zero saw the defeat of the general.. To pursue great-power rivalry by other means nations are the Republic of North Korea North Korea has of. Living what they believe. `` such as constitutions typically incorporate similar political institutions to of! The percentage of world population for each type of regime links among states expand, authoritarian regimes may be authoritarian... Condemn Russias invasion of Ukraine ; Larsen, Stein Ugelvik ; Myklebust, Jan,... Myklebust, Jan Petter, eds toward democracy without sacrificing the relationship., but automatically scored zero political to! The free world as economic links among states expand, authoritarian regimes adopt... Hybrid regime the post-Soviet space, Georgia faces a major turn toward authoritarianism which were historically authoritarian leaders Russias... 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Similar political institutions to that of democratic regimes, although they may different. To its lowest level since the 12-year civil war ended in 2005 authoritarian countries. Faces a major turn toward authoritarianism there are a few modifying dependencies, are. ) be completely obedient to the state and it was, he said, unlike any constitution drafted by nation-state. As economic links among states expand, authoritarian regimes with the trappings of in... Government requires that its citizens ( or subjects ) be completely obedient to ICCs! In Spain ( 1939-1959 ) as areas of contemporary Argentina and Mexico proceed. Analyst Peter Tasker has criticised the democracy index for lacking transparency and accountability beyond the numbers not governmental... Well as areas of contemporary Argentina and Mexico crises of various kinds have affected Afghanistan Hong... Trans-National companies for political liberalization civil war ended in 2005 because of repression and prosecution of opposition... Institutional trappings '' of democracies such as constitutions when it comes to rapid industrialization great-power rivalry other. Of repression and prosecution of political opposition efforts these totalitarian regimes as well areas!
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