cd4152 design for sustainability pdf

Current efficiency achieved in CdS/CdTe bifacial structure has exceeded 10% and 3% on the front side and back side illumination, respectively [43]. To Understand the principles of generic development process; product planning; customer need analysis for new product design and development. The substrate holder was cooled by liquid nitrogen, while a secondary heater can adjust the temperature in a desired range. In 2009, the global production of photovoltaic cells and modules in 2009 was 12.3GW [1], and it increased to over 20GW one year later [2]. 1, pp. The favorable formation enthalpy and good chemical stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes to be explored in novel device architectures. 14961500, 2010. Is it possible to ameliorate the downside of abundanceand if so, what is the role of design? Web1. If further reducing the thickness of CdTe layers in bifacial configuration, tandem cells can be built to increase the efficiency by absorbing a broader part of solar spectrum, though intensive researches are still required to make it into practice [45, 46]. 795801, 2004. 1-2, pp. He does this by asking us to consider abundance of food and information, and the repercussions of both on society. Bringing together leading international scholars and new researchers to provide a substantive insight into the latest thinking and research within the field, The Handbook covers a breadth of historical and theoretical understandings and includes a series of original essays that explore methods and approaches for designers and design educators. Biomimicry Design . [51] have also reported that doping ZnTe:Cu with Na2Te can further improve the performance by decreasing the film resistance of ZnTe layer to <1cm. Abundance and sustainability and their relationship to contemporary life provide a closing chapter, one that reflects upon the role of design in the context of sustainability. ED4072 Composite Materials and Mechanics PEC 3 0 0 3 3 3. 3. 30793084, 2007. 14, 2011. 3338, 2004. An innovative low-cost trial through vacuum deposition (VD) is investigated to fabricate both CdS and CdTe on low-temperature (55C) substrate [32]. SustainableDesignStandards:TheLACCDhasdevelopedaSustainableDesignStandards whichoutlinestheprocessforachievingsustainabledesignandlistsallmandatorysustainable featuresallLEEDprojectsarerequiredtoincorporate. E. Bacaksiz, B. M. Basol, M. Altunba, V. Novruzov, E. Yanmaz, and S. Nezir, Effects of substrate temperature and post-deposition anneal on properties of evaporated cadmium telluride films, Thin Solid Films, vol. According to the US Department of Energy, solar energy should only be economically viable for large-scale production if the cost can be reduced to $0.33/Wp (Wp = wart peak) [8]. In the all-electrical-deposition (AE) processing for CdS thin film, a graphite anode and a glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) cathode are applied to pass an electric current through the electrolyte with CdCl2 and Na2S2O3 dissolved in () as shown in Figure 6. Approximately 14.6nms roughness was observed in atomic force microscopy (AFM) for standard CBD of CdS thin film, while it could be reduced to 7.2nm in bilayer case (see in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), resp.). One excellent improvement to the fabrication of CdS layers is employing R. F. sputtering in the atmosphere of argon (Ar) containing ~3% of CHF3 [11, 2629]. Emotionally durable design . 0000060578 00000 n 27, 2010. Despite the lattice mismatch of 10% between CdTe and CdS, the formed heterojunction has an excellent electrical behavior, leading to a high fill factor of 0.77 in produced solar cells [13]. [40] is shown in Figure 9(a). 6. Finally, Cu/Au bilayer is grown on CdTe film by thermal evaporation to achieve low-barrier contact. Doordan contends that there is an alternate approach, one based on a foundational critique of the status quo, that links sustainability to promoting human wellbeing rather than enhancing the efficiency of technical systems. The work of the German philosopher Alfred Schutz sought to understand action and its connection to consciousness and knowledge. These ends have been promised by the modern, industrialized world of the West and, now, also by the rapidly developing nations of Asia and elsewhere. In combination, they produced a built environment which met peoples needs. Cadmium telluride (CdTe)/Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin-film solar cell is a potential candidate for the production of energy through photovoltaic (PV) technology, 3, pp. The Handbook of Design for Sustainability. 801804, 2010. Sustainability is no different. Based on the previous analysis, we still believe that CdS/CdTe solar cell will be a crucial candidate for global low-cost solar cells market in future. WebSmart Design (@smartdesign) on Instagram: "Do you recycle a plastic bottle with the cap on or off? 96, no. 8, pp. 12, no. This fabrication method can achieve high-density, single-crystal nanopillar array with good geometric control. After electrodepositing a thin layer of Au at the bottom of the channel, the nanopillar structure of CdS is then carried out in a quartz tube furnace with two resistive heating. 2, pp. Similarly, ohmic contact and metal diffusion barrier can be realized by a buffer layer inserted between CdTe and metal. 1, pp. Hb```f``ad`e``bd@ AqmQV+F6l,[$hVN}BS.ps. This process could provide higher optical transparency of CdS thin film and similar grain size (average 300nm) for both layers (see in Figures 5(a) and 5(b)) compared with conventional techniques. 816820, 2011. However, the performance highly depends on process condition and material purity, and the doping effect of Te into Sb2Te3 can be complicated [11]. Fortunately, several modifications to conventional methods and new techniques have been explored to improve the problems above these years [2636]. Figures are taken from [. G. C. Morris and S. K. Das, Some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited CdTe solar cells, International Journal of Solar Energy, vol. Fan, and A. Javey, Design constraints and guidelines for CdS/CdTe nanopillar based photovoltaics, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 2007, Article ID 40285, 2007. 22, pp. Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images. The theoretical efficiency of CdTe thin-film solar cells is expected to be 28%30% [10, 11]. Meanwhile, high optical absorption coefficient and high chemical stability also appear in CdTe. in this kind of structure [37], and it is expected to reach >20% after further optimization [38]. In addition, any gas of Freon family can be applied for carrying Cl2. [36]. 8, no. T. Nakada, Y. Hirabayashi, T. Tokado, D. Ohmori, and T. Mise, Novel device structure for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells using transparent conducting oxide back and front contacts, Solar Energy, vol. Efficiency as high as 16.5% has been achieved in CdS/CdTe heterojunction structure in laboratory in 2001, and current techniques for CdS/CdTe solar cells gradually step toward commercialization. NPTEL Administrator, IC & SR, 3rd floor. 10, Article ID 103116, 2010. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. C. Neumann, CALYXO CdTe excellent yield per Wp of the PV technologies, 2010, http://www.votum.cz/pdf/workshop/Neumann%20-%20Calyxo-%20Vynikajici%20vyteznost%20na%20Wp.pdf. H647H651, 2010. There are currently several challenges for further making CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells more competitive: (1) short minority carrier lifetime due to the recombination of electron-hole pairs at the defect centers in CdTe layers and at the interface between CdS and CdTe, (2) insufficient transparency of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and CdS window layers, (3) lack of good ohmic contact between CdTe layers and back contacts, and (4) possibility in doping p-type CdTe films in a stable way. 0000001740 00000 n Since CuxTe exhibits p-type characteristics, a large amount of holes appear in CuxTe, and this offers a good ohmic contact with CdTe layers. 67, no. The merits of this method are that it provides an effective way of producing high-quality CdTe layers with large grains and few defects (Figures 8(a) and 8(b)) to obtain less possibility of electron-hole recombination. In the following sec-tions (1e4) we present the DfS approaches which have emerged in the past de-cades. Moreover, an extremely thin Cu layer (220nm) is inserted to get a low contact resistance without varying the stability. X. Wu, J. C. Keane, R. G. Dhere et al., 16.5%-efficient CdS/CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells, in Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (PVSEC '01), pp. In The Emergence of Design for Sustainability: And Onward and Upward, Janis Birkeland begins by summarizing the argument that sustainability will require meeting needs and desires in altogether new ways, which makes it a design problem. This gas is decomposed and ionized during the sputtering discharge, delivering electronegative fluorine (F) to the substrate. He advocates for an alternative direction in design, one in which design becomes the ineradicable human knack of widening the field of possibility. 4. It goes without saying that a great deal of the unsustainability referred to by Ehrenfeld is the result of the philosophy of materialism that has permeated societies of the. Conventionally, CdS/CdTe samples are immersed into the solution containing CdCl2 and heated at 400500C in order to enlarge the grains inside the CdTe layers and eliminate defects to increase the minority carrier lifetime. Despite the fact that these two systems are merging, there is a need to reconsider any system based on a closed loop where the net result remains doing more good and less bad. 2, pp. Design for social innovation . Copyright 2011 Zhou Fang et al. Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The use of Cu may reduce the long-term stability of solar cells, since Cu would gradually diffuse through grain boundaries reaching the interface of the junction and cause the shunt problem. 0000005966 00000 n Cadmium chloride treatment is a key processing step identified in the late 1970s to drastically improve the solar to electric conversion efficiency of CdS/CdTe thin and. Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. 5. 247279, 2006. The main limitation on its performance is the poor transparency of Cu/Au layer (currently 50% only). As As2Te3 is directly deposited onto CdTe layer, no etching process is required. 0000001025 00000 n If the actors begin to assess the condition of their world as inconsistent with the attainment of their dreams, they will express their concerns in some form. Davison posits the view that the moral values of the pastvalues underpinned by a determinist technological optimism, to use his wordsare directly responsible for the unsustainable conditions of today. 10, no. 0000085117 00000 n Average transmittance in the range of 800100nm for CdTe films annealed at different temperatures with dry and wet CdCl, SEM photomicrographs of the surface of CdTe films: morphology of an untreated CdTe film deposited by the CSS method (a) before and (b) after thermal treatment in Ar+HCF, (a) Cross-sectional schematic diagram of the solar nanopillar cell. B. Yan, G. Yue, X. Xu, J. Yang, and S. Guha, High efficiency amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells, Physica Status Solidi A, vol. 91, no. He does so by first examining theories that previously found favour with many disciplines, especially those theories grounded in the empirical world of the sciences. 2007, Article ID 97545, 2007. A. Bosio, N. Romeo, S. Mazzamuto, and V. Canevari, Polycrystalline CdTe thin films for photovoltaic applications, Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, vol. Furthermore, it is also suggested that 3D nanopillar array can also improve the light absorption while enhancing the carrier collection efficiency [40]. In this way, the solar cells can be illuminated from both sides, and, more importantly, the long-term stability can be improved due to the absence of bulk Cu layer [20]. J. Han, C. Fan, C. Spanheimer et al., Electrical properties of the CdTe back contact: a new chemically etching process based on nitric acid/acetic acid mixtures, Applied Surface Science, vol. Kim et al. This model leads to a much-diminished view of the meaning of human existence and to many of the pathological conditions visited upon humankind. This very effective way of dealing with problems and unmet concerns has significant limits when the problem cannot be cleanly identified and placed in a well-defined bin of knowledge and expertise. D. G. Diso, G. E. A. Muftah, V. Patel, and I. M. Dharmadasa, Growth of CdS layers to develop all-electrodeposited CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. Furthermore, the average lower transmittance than wet treatment reflects its better light absorption property (Figure 7, the curve for dry CdCl2 treatment is obviously below the wet one) [35]. CD4152 Design for Sustainability PEC 3 0 0 3 3 2. 13, no. In addition, the production line could be simplified as the same process for both CdS/CdTe layers which could further reduce the cost without environment pollution [34]. The second approach to improve efficiency is to modify the configuration of CdS/CdTe solar cells. Another popular structural solution of increasing efficiency is to build tandem cells. One interpreter of Schutz put it this way: Action, then, can be conceived of as a dialectical relationship between the present and the future. Although there is no impressive progress for efficiency improvement these years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for further development. The structure of the bilayer CdS thin-film solar cell is shown in Figure 2. 0000050403 00000 n We are so accustomed to this way of problem solving that we ignore a few important pathologies that arise when routine actions become so familiar that we are blind to outcomes other than those that were intended. 431-432, pp. Instead of summarizing the history, this paper aims to review the progress of CdS/CdTe photovoltaics by evaluating some current techniques to deal with first three challenges above from three aspects: fabrication technology, structural design, and choice of back contact, respectively. Apply design considerations for assembled systems. 0000056399 00000 n ZnTe has a similar lattice parameter with CdTe, and the insertion of ZnTe layer produces an electrical field to reduce recombination loss of minority carriers at back contact surface [48, 49]. Hence, the reactions below are supposed to happen: The resultant CdTe solid in second chemical reaction (2b) would have larger grain size than the one in first reaction (2a) since annealing process in chlorine ambient assists the recrystallization of CdTe grains. Although the Freon gas with Cl is harmful to the ozone belt, the recovering machines are already commercially available. In addition, several topics covering recent advances in the application of sustainable design within the automotive, building and construction, packaging and consumer product industries are also included in this book to provide practical examples of this philosophy in current applications. Z. The following frequently quoted aphorism, attributed to Albert Einstein, The world we created today as a result of our thinking thus far has problems which cannot be solved by thinking the way we thought when we created them, is more relevant today than ever. 469470, Osaka, Japan, 2003. e2e6, 2009. An example of the structure of standard CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells. WebDesign for Sustainability: Green Materials and Processes provides fundamental and practical knowledge surrounding product development applications throughout the entire lifecycle of green materials, ranging from conceptual design, material and manufacturing process selection, and environmental lifecycle assessment. However, these methods are still not sufficient good due to their inherent drawbacks. Green, Thin-film solar cells: review of materials, technologies and commercial status, Journal of Materials Science in Electronics, vol. The major point is that the purpose of action is change: it is formulated to negate in some sense that which is existing. Chapter summary. 60976075, the Suzhou Science and Technology Bureau of China under Grant SYG201007, and SIP Service industry guiding funding. First Solar, First solar sets world record for CdTe solar PV efficiency, 2011, http://investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=593994. 12, no. This process has been patented by Romeo et al. It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, An innovative process suitable to produce high-efficiency CdTe/CdS thin-film modules, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. S. Leone, $4.5 Billion in loans to support three first solar projects, Renewable Energy World, 2011, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/4-5-in-loans-to-support-three-first-solar-projects. 90, no. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. P. Liu, V. P. Singh, C. A. Jarro, and S. Rajaputra, Cadmium sulfide nanowires for the window semiconductor layer in thin film CdS-CdTe solar cells, Nanotechnology, vol. Some actionable sustainable design principles that can be implemented to create better designs are: Dematerialisation in a design process, as defined by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), is the reduction of total material and energy throughput of any product and service, and thus the limitation of its environmental impact. WebSustainable Design Standards: The LACCD has developed a Sustainable Design Standards which outlines the process for achieving sustainable design and lists all WebDesigning for a Sustainable Future Daniela Busse SAP Labs, LLC (Palo Alto) 3410 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, California 94304 daniela.busse@sap.com 13981402, 2007. 664677, 2006. In CdS/CdTe heterojunction structure, efficiency up to 16.5% has been achieved in lab as early as 2001 [16], while the best commercial modules are approximately 10%-11% [17]. PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs): (3) I. In the third step, the AAM layer is partially etched by NaOH (Figure 9(c)) and a p-type CdTe film with ~1m is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 2639, 2010. Product-service system design for sustainability . J. The basic idea is to replace conventional Cu/Au with transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) as back contact layers. 516, no. S109S112, 2011. 28512852, 1993. S484S487, 2010. Webfrom the design discipline to sustainability issues which marks the broad eld of Design for Sustainability (DfS). J. Lee, Effects of heat treatment of vacuum evaporated CdCl2 layer on the properties of CdS/CdTe solar cells, Current Applied Physics, vol. A reverse-biased potential would be formed at the CdTe-metal interface to limit the holes transport and would seriously reduce the cells efficiency.