Future research should therefore try to dig deeper into the mechanisms through which sports activities may influence skill formation and disentangle the various channels through which the effect may work. selected for the IOC Refugee Olympic Team Tokyo 2020. Section 3 introduces the data and provides descriptive statistics for the samples used in this study. Coaches often do not realize the immense influence they have on the mental health of athletes, especially young athletes. Sports boost self-esteem S3 Appendix. Martins et al. Parents assess the health status of their children significantly better (-0.12 sd). Sensitivity checkDifference of effects under different confounding scenarios relative to the baseline scenario (ATE). This, if not handled correctly, can have negative consequences on the child's mental health. Given the richness of our dataset, which does not only provide us with the usual information on childrens individual and family background characteristics, but also includes detailed information on the home environment and parenting practices, we believe that the CIA is credible in our context. Two issues affecting the appropriateness of matching estimators are common support and match quality. The comparison between column 1 (KiGGS) and column 2 (GCP A) of Table 6, which display the matching estimates applied to the KiGGS data and the GCP data, reveals that results are remarkably robust across the different datasets. Despite the popularity of sports as a leisure activity, there exists only little empirical evidence on the relation between sports participation and children's development. Scenarios 13 simulate the new confounding variable mimicking the relation of three important confounders to treatment and outcome, respectively (scenario 2 mimics the relation to family income > 5000 Euro; scenario 3 mimics the relation to moms education degree being university, scenario 4 mimics the relation to the local employment rate). Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institut, Munich, Germany, Affiliations: S4 Appendix. Health, moreover, is a prerequisite for any educational and professional achievements (see for instance [4,5,6,7,8]). Parents report their childrens school grades, which ranges from 1 ("very good ") to 5 ("bad "). Running around and doing some exercises filled up my time and also kept me in good mental health, Sanda said of the impact of sport on her life during nine months spent in a refugee camp in the Netherlands in 2015. 34, 250267. In adults, those populations also typically have high levels of. S1 Appendix. In Germany, education as well as culture and sports are under the responsibilities of the states, the so-called Lnder (cf. Consequently, we aggregate this information and distinguish between participating regularly in a sports club (at least once per week) and not participating regularly in a sports club (less than once per week). Doing sports is the second most popular leisure activity among German boys: 59% of all boys indicate that spending time with their best friend is their favorite leisure activity, closely followed by doing sports (53%). Following previous calls regarding the importance of using sport as a platform for promoting youth psychosocial development and mental health, this case study aimed to understand the challenges faced by coaches and technical directors in the face of their individual efforts to infuse a positive youth development focus into a nationwide youth sports program in Brazil. The major challenge for any empirical study focusing on this topic is the inherent selection problem. This implementation consisted of three sessions per week, alongside a series of expert-led seminars for athletes. doi: 10.1177/10253823070140020701x, Wolanin, A., Gross, M., and Hong, E. (2015). To tackle this issue we implement the strategy suggested by Lechner [43]. Regular participation in physical activity (PA) is imperative for good health. To be more precise, we focus on participation in sports clubs among children aged 3 to 10 years in Germany. Overall, it is fair to conclude that sensitivity is very limited, as none of the deviations from the baseline scenario are significant at the 10% level. Therefore, we may conclude that sports club participation crowds out some passive activities, but we do not know whether it stimulates further active or development stimulating activities. If there are persistent components in sport activities, as is likely, past control variables, such as lagged outcome variables or parenting style, may already be influenced by past sports activities and thus mask some of the effects of sports participation. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Nevertheless, the sensitivity analysis based on the simulation-based approach by Ichino, Mealli & Nannicini [32] reveals that our estimates robust with respect to confounders that are in the range of what might be expected for missing confounding variables. Further Estimation resultsPropensity score estimation (probit) for the semi-parametric LATE. Successful youth coaches promote connection, team spirit, and working together for a common goal. As well as dealing with dehydration, malnutrition, exhaustion and injury, they can struggle with anxiety and self-esteem issues. Attributed to General George C. Marshall, the plaque reads I want an officer for a secret and dangerous mission. Finally, this mediating effect was moderated by only-child status so that exercise value cognition plays a greater mediating role between family function and exercise behaviour in the only-child group. Finally, Carreres-Ponsoda et al. Swiss Institute for Empirical Economic Research, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Nevertheless, additional estimation strategies help us to provide further evidence for the robustness of our results. Seneca's clinic-based mental health programs provide a broad range of services, including individual, group, and family therapy, collateral support, case management, care coordination. The KiGGS Study was approved by the Charit/Universittsmedizin Berlin ethics committee and the Federal Office for the Protection of Data and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki (http://www.kiggs-studie.de/deutsch/studie/kiggs-im-ueberblick/datenschutz-und-ethik.html). For young athletes competing at national and international levels, anxiety and depression were 20% to 45% higher in some cases than those in the age-matched control groups. The following blocks of variables mean to proxy these three dimensions. PT, AR, and MB reviewed and contributed to subsequent drafts. Some might feel unhappy about losing; others will feel they will never be good enough and thus . 1. Table 8 presents effect heterogeneities with respect to observable characteristics. Moreover, to increase precision of our estimates we remove all observations with a normalized weight larger than 6% [51]. Irritability. [14] who in an observational study find that obeying the levels of physical activity as recommended by the national and international guidelines provides clear health benefits. The CIA requires that potential outcomes (the outcome that would be realized if a child were exposed to a particular treatment) and treatment are independent conditional on a set of suitable observable characteristics. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. We find positive and robust effects on childrens school performance and peer relations. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Yet, the interested reader can find these estimation results in an earlier version of this paper (cf. As a result, comparing GCP results with and without lagged outcome variables enables us to assess the sensitivity of the estimates to their exclusion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151729, Editor: Jacobus van Wouwe, TNO, NETHERLANDS, Received: June 11, 2015; Accepted: March 3, 2016; Published: May 4, 2016. Any matching estimator relies on the comparison of children who participate and who do not participate in a sports club and who are similar in their observable characteristics. Strong et al. factors, which simultaneously influence children's participation in a sports club and children's development. Moreover, by including the full set of lagged outcome variables we only compare children with the same initial skill endowment and health status. Another consequence of over-competitiveness is a decline in sports participation. Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany, Noghandoost has worked as a coach for refugees in Croatia, where he has tried to pass the power of sport on to the next generation. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000123, Keywords: adolescents, coaching, quality of life, health interventions, youth sport, Citation: Calmeiro L, Teques P, Rosado A and Barros MVGd (2021) Editorial: Mental Health and Positive Youth Development in Sport and Physical Activity Contexts. On the contrary, our focus lies on the impact of sports club participation among children aged 310 years on childrens health, school performance and behavioural development. Sports allow children to build both physical and social skills through expert practice. Moreover, city children who participate in a sports club fare significantly better in terms of their behaviour (-0.19 sd). Further factors determining childrens health, education and behaviour are the quality of the school and health system as well as further amenities. A good example is the concept of grit, developed by MacArthur Fellow Angela Duckworth of the University of Pennsylvania. While this may be true for West Point football players training to be Army officers, a more general question may be whether organized sports are linked to character development in children. We therefore assess the sensitivity of our baseline matching estimates with respect to potentially missing confounders using the simulation based approach suggested in Ichino, Mealli, and Nannicini [33] and Nannicini [44]. Moral Virtues and Character Strengths Across the Life Span, Why Men Often Feel Insecure in Their Intimate Relationships, 3 Ways to Fall Back in Love After a Fight, How to Help Your Partner Feel Better When They're Down, Know Your Core Value to Build a Fulfilling Life. 7 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752369, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). This intervention demonstrates TPSR constitutes a pedagogical model that relies on a nurturing coach-athlete relationship to develop essential personal and relational values. Additional EstimatesMatching estimates for cognitive and non-cognitive skills using different propensity score specifications (KiGGS). The main picture, however, remains (see GCP B): children when participating in a sports club experience improvements in their health, school performance and behaviour. ), Human Performance Optimization: The science and ethics of enhancing human capabilities. S10 Table. Our results highlight the importance of physical activities for children's development. Exercise has a proven link to increased self-esteem, reduced stress and improved mood. http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/PublicUseFiles/antraege_pdf/KiGGS03_06.html, http://kiggs.de/service/English/index.html, http://www.kiggs-studie.de/deutsch/studie/kiggs-im-ueberblick/datenschutz-und-ethik.html, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Center for Economic Policy Research, London, England, Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Finally, physically active children score also significantly lower in the strength and difficulties questionnaire (-0.24 sd), implying that they are less hyperactive and have fewer peer, emotional, behavioural or conduct problems than physically inactive children. While different disciplines acknowledge the importance of acquiring good health, education and behaviour during childhood for outcomes later in life, the role of extra-curricular activities for their formation is not yet fully understood. Grit: Perseverance and passion for long term goals. It is also important to note that the reported level of physical activity outside of sports clubs is comparable across children participating in sports clubs and children not participating in sports clubs (see Section 5.2 for details). Research on the link between sports and education has mainly focused on the role of sports activities among high school students or adolescents. For instance, Head Start, one of the most intensively studied educational programs in the U.S., has been shown to lead to improvements in childrens non-cognitive skills of around 0.2 sd and in childrens cognitive skills of around 0.06 sd [11]. Finally, we want to thank the Robert Koch Institute and in particular Martin Schlaud and Heribert Stolzenberg for their support with the KiGGS data. The additional advantage of exercising sports in a club in contrast to pure physical exercise is the fact that it is a guided and highly structured extra-curricular activity [57,58]. p-values are computed by bootstrapping p-values of the t-statistic with 4999 replications. However, the available measure may not necessarily capture general physical activity, such as running around or playing outside, and thus does not provide us with supportive empirical evidence for the statement made above. Duckworth emphasizes that expert practice sometimes called deliberate practice is not fun in the usual sense of the word. One further concern may be the potential correlation between sports participation, enhanced through a well-developed sports infrastructure, and exposure to a further development-stimulating environment, e.g. "The biggest problem is sleep lossall these. Data Availability: Due to ethical restrictions, KiGGS data are available from the Robert-Koch Institute and Kinderpanel data from German Youth Institute for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. Consequently, our results for the effects of sports participation may still be biased even if controlling for lagged control variables. We use sports participation and outcome measures from the second wave and take advantage of the first wave exclusively as a source for control variables, such as lagged outcome measures, lagged sports participation, as well as individual and family background characteristics (see Section 4 for details). GCP B presents the results when we control additionally for the set of lagged outcome variables and replace all control variables by the respective control variables from wave 1. Yet, perhaps more interestingly, our results provide evidence that sports club participation leads to a small, but significant crowding out of TV consumption by 4.2 minutes on a weekday and 3.6 minutes on Saturdays and Sundays. The role of curricular activities for the formation of education, health and behavioural outcomes has been widely studied. For example, winning was only ranked number 40 of the 81 determinants of fun. Focusing on sports participation in clubs instead of physical activity in general, which might also include unguided sports or play, has the advantage that its content as well as its objectives can be more clearly defined. The empirical analysis draws upon two different datasets. . Swiss Institute for Empirical Economic Research, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, Youth: children ages 12-18 2. Sports performance anxiety, also called sports anxiety or competitive anxiety, is incredibly common. 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